Foundations & Measurement
External evidence synthesis · Foundational · 2023
Aging biology involves 12 interacting processes, not a single pathway
The 2023 Hallmarks of Aging review organizes the biology of aging around 12 processes, including genomic instability, impaired protein maintenance, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. The processes interact rather than operating as isolated causes.
Research basis
Integrative scientific review. Cellular, animal, translational, and human aging research.
What it supports
A mechanistic research layer for investigating longer-term biological change and intervention.
Boundary
The framework organizes aging biology. It does not provide one score of a person’s biological age, measure Biological Capacity, or establish effects on leadership performance.
BOL relevance
Provides a nested aging-biology layer within the longer-term Drivers to Biological Capacity pathway.
Source class
Peer-reviewed research
Role in BOL
Foundational
Population context
Non-human or cellular
Evidence basis
Conceptual or synthesized
Source record checked 26 July 2026.